Explore communities…. Angel C. Alcala In Marine Ecology Ecology and conservation of coral reefs, mangroves and river systems Aquaculture studies on giant clams, mollusks and fishes Captive breeding of Philippine crocodiles Ramon C. Barba In Plant Physiology Development of mango flower induction technology Rapid propagation of tissue culture of sugar cane, rattan and banana Development of seedless Kalamansi or lime Emerita V.
De Guzman In Plant Morphogenesis Spearheaded the University of Philippines Los Banos team which made a breakthrough in research on propagation of mutant coconut, locally known as "Makapuno" Also did tissue culture techniques for rapid propagation of abaca and banana Pedro B. Rabor In Philippine Wildlife Biology Published numerous scientific papers on wildlife, particularly on birds, mammals and reptiles Discovered or co-discovered new species of a local flying squirrel, two mammals, a lizard and some birds Carmen C.
Velasquez In Parasitology Conducted several researches on parasitic worms, especially fish parasites, which provided rich materials for her book entitled Digeneric Trematodes of Philippines Fishes Gregorio T. The rejects are also used as animal feed 3 , but most of them are simply thrown away, posing a sanitary hazard. Therefore, studies on the use of banana rejects for production of microbial proteins for feeds were begun. Different methods of converting starch wastes into useful products are shown in figure 1.
There are two major processes: chemical conversion of the substrate by treatment with dilute acid in the presence of heat A , and enzymatic hydrolysis, either through the direct action of selected groups of fungi and yeasts or through the use of highly active commercial enzyme preparations B.
In either case, the starch is hydrolysed into lower saccharides, predominantly glucose, which in turn are used either as raw material for chemical industries or as substrates for micro-organisms in the production of microbial proteins for human or animal consumption. Both of these processes are two-step reactions; i.
The present study is directed towards the improvement of the fermentation process involving the overall transformation of the starch to biomass through a one-step reaction C instead of the traditional two-step reaction. Yeast is currently the most commonly used organism in the production of biomass, probably because it is already accepted both in the human food and animal feed industries 6.
Yeast-based processes are the farthest advanced towards commercial production, followed by bacterial processes 7. Yeasts have many convenient characteristics, such as the ability to use a wide variety of substrates such as hexoses, pentoses, and hydrocarbons 8; 9 ; susceptibility to induced and genetic variation 10 , ability to flocculate 11 ; and high nutritional value 12; However, attention has often been drawn to the fact that yeasts appear to be deficient in essential sulphur amino acids 14; Until recently, the yeast most commonly employed has been Candida utilis grown on molasses 17 and sulphite liquor 18 , but other species have been used successfully with various substrates such as methanol 19 , whey 20 , and hydrocarbons 21; A study of Candida utilis grown on rye grass straw hydrolysate by continuous fermentation was reported by Han and Anderson in In North America some 25 per cent of sulphite liquor solids are made into yeast, representing a production of about 50, tons per year.
The present use is mainly for animal feed supplements, the normal recommendation for mixed poultry feed being about 50 lb dried yeast per ton of feed. A factory in Taiwan produces food yeast from cane sugar molasses with a daily capacity of 40 tons of dried yeast A limited number of bacterial species have been grown specifically for food purposes, Recently, these organisms have been used extensively for SCP production on hydrocarbons such as petroleum, gas oils, and alkanes.
Cellulomonas and Alcaligenes faecalis have been used in symbiotic fermentation studies using cellulose substrates Although bacteria have a slight advantage over the other microorganisms as a food source because of their higher growth rates and relatively higher protein content and sulphur-containing amino acids 28 , they have been objected to because of their size, which makes harvesting difficult without the use of flocculants or thickeners Algae processes are still short of full-scale development because they are limited by the requirements for light over a major portion of the year and for a continuous supply of CO2 or other carbon source In Taiwan, however, plants for the production of Chlorella feeds using methane generated from manure are now in operation.
The production of fungal protein is far behind; it has not been scaled up to commercial level yet 6. Fungal proteins have not been considered for industrial SCP processes until recently, when studies on their potential as SCP proved that they exhibit growth rates comparable to those of yeasts and that crude protein contents in excess of 50 per cent can be achieved.
Fungi have the ability to provide form and texture 30 , and hence can be harvested with ease; also, the cost of production may be reduced. Like algae, fungi generally have low nucleic acid content, and accordingly, the dangers of kidney stones and gout are not great even without processing the biomass to lower nucleic acid content 7.
Another advantage is that microfungi can prosper on a variety of carbohydrates, although growth rates vary considerably with different substrates Most species of fungi produce a range of carbohydrate-hydrolysing enzymes 31 , but the amounts of the enzymes vary enormously between different organisms and more particularly between strains. Aspergillus niger reportedly produces large amounts of alpha-amylase and alpha- 1,6 -glucosidase, but less cellulase.
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